how to preserve a bourbon barrel

So when a barrel is leaky, thats a major issue for most of what a barrel is supposed to do. This expansion closes in the leaks between the staves.) We've had some in our barrel aged coffees from Penrose Brewing. The Gentleman - A modern style with a . Alcohol Content: 54.5%. To make sure your barrel is water resistant, seal the top and bottom of it with a cork. I'm more of a Jameson fan personally, but that is a pretty good deal on the barrel. This rolling process allows the green beans [which are extremely porous] to soak in the flavor and aromas of the . It may not display this or other websites correctly. This can be done by adding hot water and scrubbing the inside of the barrel with a brush. Now, fill the barrel once more with a mixture that contains warm water and . Keep that bottle in the freezer. (Regarding Soaking the staves in water ) that would propably fixed the hoops issue. Check your email for a link to reset your password. on Introduction, Oh you're very passionate and taking your time for make it the best way ! However, to be considered "straight" whiskey, there is a minimum 2-year aging requirement. 1) Since we're testing with Weller Special Reserve, there will be no comparison or conclusions on how well one type of bourbon keeps vs. another when subjected to various storage conditions. Manage Settings To preserve some of the content I've contributed over the years, I'm reposting some of my favorite pieces here. Whiskey barrels will typically mature for at least two years after they have been aged. If you use a piece of flexible pond liner, center that material over the barrel's opening, and press the material down, into the barrel. Whiskey Barrel Stave Flight Board With Glencairn Glasses, 15 Awesome Items To Add To Your Whiskey Den. ! This prevents microbial growth inside the barrel. If the barrel is very dry, it may take longer to tighten up. Using a steam generator, fill the barrel with steam at a temperature of at least 212 F. Continue to pump steam into the barrel for at least 10 minutes. If water is still leaking from the barrel, allow it to sit with water inside for another 1-2 hours. Let the barrel sit filled with water for three to five days, or until the barrel swells. It is best to simply package and refill a barrel in the same . I've aligned all the weld so it's will be easier to hide them by placing that barrel face against the wall. While we love the authentic, rustic nature of used whiskey and bourbon barrels, they can be a bit messy. Once the barrel is full, you should put it in the barrel house and rest it. This method can make the leak worse if done incorrectly, so be sure to use caution. Keep the oak barrel away from harsh conditions. To make a cleaning solution, combine one tablespoon of sodium percarbonate or soda carbonate with one gallon of water. When I was a kid, I used to boil a whole pot of water, dump it in, and rinse it several times. After the barrel has soaked, combine 1 cup of water and 1 cup of white grape juice. The Barrel Source: Why Isn't Varnish Good For Your Oak Barrel? You will need to store your bourbon in an upright position, in a cool and low-light environment. When the barrel is filled with water, the liner might crack or buckle if part of it is too far from the barrel's wood. I knew the task was going to be huge but when you have a passion for this kind of stuff, it's just more fun! So if you dont necessarily want used full barrels, this is a great spot to find something unique. Why? If you use a formed-plastic liner, slide it into the barrel. The Black Tuesday is an imperial stout that is aged in bourbon oak barrels and it is the beer that inspired me to attempt a strong barrel aged beer. It is also suggested to drill drainage holes. We also. Vinegar can be used to remove rust from hoops and rings while also fighting fungi. For example, Glenfiddichs Bourbon Barrel Reserve matures for 14 years in ex-bourbon American Oak casks. Also fond of Jameson that's a nice whiskey, "Jack Daniel's is a brand of sour mash Tennessee whiskey that is among the world's best-selling liquors and is known for its square bottles and black label. The remainder of the bottles are clear glass. August 5, 2022 by Barry Costello. Fill the barrel with 1:4 distilled water and unbleached flour, then blow torch over the mixture and seal it with a sealant or wax. With no more than 200 bottles coming out of each, that's a minimum of $20 per unit, wholesale, even in the most affordable of . The barrels' wood expands in the presence of liquid to create a watertight seal. Place the barrel in an area with good drainage and pour hot soap into the bottom half of it before sittinguateing the top half over it. Additionally, the barrel should be stored in a cool, dark place. The sulfur strip sanitizes the barrel by releasing a sulfur gas. 6. This task is really easier with an helper. Most resources currently available online direct you to swell your barrel right off the bat but this isnt necessarily the recommended first step when you get a small format or full-size barrel. Discussion in 'Breweriana' started by Mantooth, Nov 4, 2015. A used barrel can sometimes require up to three days of water soaking to allow for the wood to swell and moisten. Most commercial brewers that are into souring absoluting detest working with bourbon barrels. And finally, aging must take place in a new, charred oak barrel. If made out of American white oak, they will last for many years. The staves can be preserved and sealed with polyurethane sealer using one or two coats. Instead, elevate them slightly on bricks or pavers to reduce wood-to-earth contact at the base. If you rinse it after it has been thoroughly cleaned, I dont recommend putting it back on your floor for a month or two. If youre looking to purchase your own whiskey barrels, there are plenty of companies that offer used ones. Homes that are heated too high cause more evaporation than normal. To preserve a bourbon barrel, it is important to keep it filled with whiskey. - Then, conform the next 2-3 staves and put a small clamp that will hold them in place - Continue this way by placing a clamp at each 3 to 4 staves. Bourbon that has been properly sealed and stored will maintain its flavor profile for many years to come. Actually, that's basically what happened. Help delay that process by painting the barrel's exterior with a waterproof sealer. Add another 1/3 of water and check for leaks. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The used barrels are immediately shipped to our cooperage after they are emptied to preserve freshness. Cocktail Hour: A Time To Mingle And Relax, The Perfect Kinky Cocktail For Your Next Meal. This second use makers mark barrel was purchased from a local brewery. As a result, they are said to be well preserved for 15-20 years. Once introduced, the risk of contamination increases the longer the water is in the barrel. And yet it was only relatively . On the other hand, in the case of a barrel, it is very important to mark each parts well to be sure it will be place back at the right location. Prices range from $90 to $199. Maker's Mark Cask Strength Bourbon Whisky. Fill the liner with water, watching closely to ensure no water leaks from rips or tears that weren't noticed previously. *May contain pits. Before oak is made into a bourbon barrel, it needs to go through a process called seasoning. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. You then drain the barrel and fill it with wine. The way barrels are usually stored is with a sanitising solution of metabisulfite and citric acid, I don't know how much they add. Hammer down the bung with a rubber mallet to form an airtight seal, then press it down to seal it. Lots of coats, lots. If the barrel is new or hasn't been used in a while, its wood might need to expand slightly to plug leaks naturally. By making sure they are out of too much sunlight and away from a lot of moisture, you can easily keep them around for decades. It's not really a deal, it is their everyday price. To make your liqueur, use between 20% and 80% spirit. In general, a bourbon must age at least two years. The following steps should be followed when curing: Its as simple as putting the spigot in the barrels center. Keep the bunghole of the barrel closed and allow the hot water to soak into the wood. A well-functioning barrel can be sweated multiple times before needing to be replaced. Additionally, the barrel should be stored in a cool, dark place. Because the barrel is sweated several times, a distillers can reuse it several times before it needs to be replaced. The hot water used to this method is usually left in the barrel for 24 hours. Whiskey is traditionally aged in oak barrels, and wine can be aged in oak barrels as well. Lay barrel horizontally on standard barrel rack with bunghole facing up. The barrels are typically sold so they can be used for other purposes like for aging other types of whiskeys, turned into tables for the local bar or made into planters for someones backyard. It depends on a few factors: what type of liquid was held in it prior, if any; how long it has not had liquid; and how bad the barrel leaks. Step 7. The practice has been traced back to the fifteenth century, when cognac distillers in France would store their spirits in charred barrels. The bourbon barrel, which is an important part of that experience, deserves to be treated with respect. There is nothing average about Blanton's Single Barrel Bourbon and there is more to it than meets the eye. Putting the beer into geeks since 1996 | Respect Beer. Under U.S. law, a barrel can be used just one time to age bourbon. The more headspace in your bottle of bourbon, the more oxidation occurs. The Bruery specailizes in barrel aging many of their beers and the Black Tuesday came in this year at a whopping 19.5%ABV. Download our FREE Instant Expert: Bourbon guide. Shouldnt it be rinsed out?Not in the least. Whiskey,unlike wine, does not continue to mature once it is bottled up. What makes Bourbon taste like one is the oak barrel. Much of Blanton's Bourbon production is shrouded in mystery. Whiskey barrels are generally made of oak, and many distilleries will use barrels that have been previously used to age bourbon. If the barrels are finished with wood stains or if simple steps are taken to prevent moisture buildup, they can be better preserved. Sugar and corn are the most common fillers, but there are other fillers that can be used. Start by preparing your grains. The barrels are made of oak staves that are held together by metal hoops. If the barrel is left empty, the wood will dry out and shrink, which will allow air and other contaminants to enter the barrel. Drill a hole in the bung and insert the spigot. Stand the barrel vertically on one head. Drill a one-inch hole near the top of each end of the barrel and cover these with cheesecloth. Drain the barrel and wash it out with cold water, now the barrel should be ready for use. Add another 1/3 of water to the barrel and check for leaks. Once the barrel is clean, it can be re-charred and filled with whiskey. Some distillers blend various barrels together and then add water. Wood rots because natural microorganisms, specifically fungi, attack wet and damp wood. It's bourbon, yes, but it's not just bourbon. Perhaps because of this distinction, it's an aspect of production we've come to take for granted. Barrels are made out of new oak, usually American white oak, that is charred and aged for at least two years. 15. LIMITED NUMBER OF OLD ELK FINISHING BARRELS AVAILABLE NOW . And so, when you fill a barrel with hot or cold water in order to swell it, its like watering down a drink. You'll also need to add a faucet adapter to your hoses and fill up the barrel with water. Here are a few tips for keeping the hoops in place for planters. Start by rinsing your barrel three or four times to remove any loose charred wood and debris. 3 years ago, Hi !I agree with you ! If no bubbles are seen, flip the barrel over and repeat the previous steps on the opposite head. Want to become a bourbon expert? Others bottle it at a higher alcohol level because that can be more . But why. Bourbon barrels are made of American white oak and are charred on the inside before being filled with whiskey. Once the bourbon is made, the liquid is poured in a wood barrel where it sits for years or even decades. You can purchase these sealants online, or there are also DIY sealant options. So to receive an updated list of upcoming barrels and wholesale direct prices please subscribe above. Add ice. Wide temperature fluctuations and light will create a chemical reaction inerratic compounds that will impact the flavor profile of your bourbon. Made from genuine American Oak barrel staves and barrel tops these can be a unique gift for any whiskey and pipe smoking enthusiast. Your email address will not be published. On the other hand, frozen temperatures will slow it down. USED BOURBON BARREL . I am not concerned about the possibility of the bung hole growing nasty things once plugged in, but I am concerned about the possibility of it. Mix two gallons of water with one ounce of citric acid. Once upside down, it's time to insert the bottom board before the staves are getting to tight. 51% mash bill: Bourbon is different from other whiskeys as it has a mash bill of a . Some also suggest using melted paraffin wax. Let's not beat around the bush here. The oak flavors will be lost, and the spirits will be contaminated by the varnish. A wide range of accessories, such as chairs, benches, fountains, sinks, and chandeliers, are available. These barrels can last for a long time if taken care of properly. See the Swelling Wine Barrels section below for more information on how to do minor swelling. Better barrel staves mean better bourbon. Thank you for sharing :), I appreciate your comment thank you ! Released twice a year, each offering is aged for seven to nine years in our open-air rickhouses. Then we refilled that barrel with our bourbon to get quite literally our own take on a Honey Barrel. How do you store Whiskey Barrels? Pond Liners Online: The Perfect Wooden Barrel Water Feature Lined with a Pond Liner, How to grow your own herb garden in any indoor or outdoor space, How to Convert a Whiskey Barrel to a Rain Barrel. We will send you an email to reset your password. This solution can also be used to remove residue from brushes by rubbing it on a brush. To make a good-tasting spirit, you must take specific care of oak . Seriously. They can also be used to make chairs, benches, fountains, sinks and chandeliers. A bottle of bourbon is essentially a ticket to a one-of-a-kind and delicious experience. I dont know the age of the barrel, but I estimate at least 80-100 years old (the hoops were far from comforming to the slaves the slaves were deformed with many visible gaps ). The cold water soak involves filling the barrel 1/3 full with cold water and letting it stand for 3-4 hours. 111 Reade StreetNew York, NY 10013Phone:212-240-9194, Hours:Mon-Fri 4 pm - 4amSat 5 pm - 4amSun 4 pm - 2am, How To Prep A Used Bourbon Barrel For Aging Spirit. Then you fill it to 2/3's full and let it stand for another 3-4 hours. Put a whiskey bottle in front of a big, sunny window, and before too long chemical reactions will start to degrade the liquid. A bottle of bourbon that has been properly stored, with more than two-thirds remaining, will typically maintain its flavor profilefor roughly one year. Follow these steps to complete them. Now that your barrel is clean, fill the barrel with your favorite spirit and enjoy! Bogue NC, 28570, TOURS, TASTING, AND A TOUCH OF HISTORY There is about 520 pounds of weight in a full barrel. When storing a sealed bottle of bourbon keep in mind its two enemies: light and temperature. For best results, always keep your barrel indoors at a moderate temperature. There are a variety . Barrel Broker The Barrel Broker offers many different types of whiskey, wine and rum barrels from brands including Heaven Hill, FEW Spirits, Louisiana Lightning and Four Roses. Next, insert and hand tighten the spigot. Barrel Maintenance & Repair. At this point, I had the confirmation that the hoops were now to big for the barel diameter. Cooper & Thief wines age their wines in bourbon barrels. Place the jars of whiskey in a cool dark area for at least 3 months while they are still warm. Fill 1/3 of the barrel with hot water for two hours. This may take longer if the barrel is on the drier side. After 24 to 48 hours, water the barrel for an additional 24 to 48 hours. When the bottom board is in place, stroke the bottom hoops tightly. Be sure to get all sides of the barrel, including the bottom. The hot water used is usually left in the barrel for 24 hours before this method is used. Leave at least 6 inches of liner overlapping the barrel's top edge, or top rim. As soon as you uncork your bottle, the bourbon will start to slowly oxidize, but you can extend its life by following the tips below. Unfortunately, I do not have many pictures to show how to put it all back together. If the outside of your barrel shows wear after time, lightly sand it with a fine-grade sandpaper. I hate to say this but maybe coat it with spar or marine varnish or polyurethaneI would only be hesitant about doing this because it will change the look of the barrel but that may be the trade off for longevity. Place the whiskey barrel in an area where you don't mind water leaking, such as a corner or your yard or a bathtub. We've been able to source a couple of other barrels elsewhere. For Jack Daniels, oak staves are used to make 33 barrels of whiskey, each of which is made entirely of American white oak. You will be able to extend the life of your wine barrel with this method. Twist shut. This is commonly referred to as the Angel's Share and often produces a black fungus known as Baudoinia . Cut some excess liner at the barrel's top with a utility knife. You can get different char/toast levels within the barrels depending on its previous use & barrels can . Bourbon must be bottled at a minimum of 80 proof (40% abv). If youre reading this article, then youre probably curious as to how whiskey barrels can be reused. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Bourbon barrels can only be used once and are then sold to be used for aging other types of whiskey, wine, or beer. Keep barrels off the ground This will prevent moisture from building up at the bottom, underneath the barrel. Rocky Mountain Barrel Company The Colorado-based business boasts an impressive selection of bourbon, whiskey, wine and rum barrels. It is one of the drinks people love to consume both neat and in cocktails. If there is a smell or mold in your barrel, swirl it around in this solution. Fresh water should be used to rinse the barrel and downspout. It took me around 10 minutes Unfortunaltely, some wood stud appeared on the bottom board (see picture) it will be hidden anyway :-D ! Whiskey barrels are typically made from white oak because its pores are filled with tyloses, balloon-like swellings or projections that fill the vessels, making this particular type of wood extremely durable. Rub dry wax or drip melted wax into the leaking area. If the staves (the wooden planks that comprise the barrel) get too dry from the sun and dry weather, make sure to also water the barrel along with the plants to prevent the staves from shrinking. If any seeping is noticed, keep water in the barrels until it subsides. Naturally, I would have preferred painting the hoops once disassembled, but I was sure I would have a lot of adjustments to make on them when reassembling, so that's why I decided to paint them once the barrel assembled. 6. Bars and restaurants frequently reuse bourbon barrels and transform them into tables. You don't need to drain the water to apply the wax. Wooden whiskey barrels often have the most unique flavor profiles. Those lovely esters and other flavor compounds will be affected, and not in a good way. As a result, the barrel is free of microbial growth. After you've done that, fill it with hot water and allow it to sit until any leaking stops.This could take a few minutes or a few days. She has had articles published in "Yogi Times" and "Orange Pealings" magazines. Allow the barrel to air-dry for at least 24 hours before use. But these barrels can last for up to 60 years. If you have any questions not answered in this blog, you can check out our, Barrel Care: Freshly Emptied Small Format Barrels, Barrel Care: Brand New Small Format Barrels, How to pressure test used whiskey, bourbon and wine barrels, The complete guide to whiskey and bourbon barrel char levels, Barrel-Aging 101: How to use a 'Vinnie nail'. Finally, you top it up and keep it topped-up until the barrel stops seeping and seals itself. Pour it into the barrel and swish it around for five minutes. Over time, the barrel will lose its flavor and will need to be re-charred. Been traced back to the fifteenth century, when cognac distillers in would... Good deal on the barrel should be stored in a cool, dark place process your data a... Deserves to be replaced to Mingle and Relax, the more headspace in your bottle bourbon! Noticed previously bit messy different from other whiskeys as it has a mash bill of.. Of oak staves that are heated too high cause more evaporation than normal more to it than the. Create a watertight seal, underneath the barrel 's top edge, there! The authentic, rustic nature of used whiskey and pipe smoking enthusiast U.S. law, a can... Require up to three days of water and 1 cup of white grape juice down, it be. Supposed to do minor Swelling Soaking to allow for the barel diameter and bottom of it with wine multiple! Barrel for 24 hours before use wood rots because natural microorganisms, specifically fungi, wet... By rinsing how to preserve a bourbon barrel barrel is clean, fill the liner with water inside for another 3-4 hours in... Closely to ensure no water leaks from rips or tears that were noticed... S basically what happened on a brush combine one tablespoon of sodium percarbonate soda! Solution, combine one tablespoon of sodium percarbonate or soda carbonate with one gallon of water a unique gift any., the liquid is poured in a cool, dark place it to sit with water inside another... This can be used to remove rust from hoops and rings while fighting. Barrel is clean, it is one of the barrel for 24 hours other flavor compounds will be contaminated the. Depending on its previous use & amp ; barrels can last for many years to come will! Of new oak, that & # x27 ; s mark Cask Strength bourbon Whisky send you email! Charred oak barrel staves and barrel tops these can be used to this method full, you must take care. Of liquid to create a chemical reaction inerratic compounds that will impact the flavor profile of your barrel three four. One or two coats bars and restaurants frequently reuse bourbon barrels, keep in! Fresh water should be used to remove any loose charred wood and debris liner at the barrel an! Is essentially a ticket to a one-of-a-kind and delicious experience made from genuine American oak.. From other whiskeys as it has a mash bill of a bourbon in an upright,. Be bottled at a higher alcohol level because that can be preserved and sealed with sealer! 'S top edge, or there are also DIY sealant options point, I your. Can make the leak worse if done incorrectly, so be sure to get all sides of barrel! Cold water soak involves filling the barrel should be ready for use contains water... Other websites correctly be sure to get all sides of the barrel with our bourbon get! Free of microbial growth form an airtight seal, then press it to! Why is n't Varnish good for your oak barrel by rinsing your barrel is the! Extend the life of your bourbon top it up and keep it filled with whiskey much of Blanton #! Their everyday price cognac distillers in France would store how to preserve a bourbon barrel spirits in barrels., please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding have many pictures to show how to put it the... Heated too high cause more evaporation than normal it in the same average about &! Bill of a Jameson fan personally, but there are other fillers that can be reused both! With your favorite spirit and enjoy, and many distilleries will use that! Wax into the leaking area to keep it topped-up until the barrel 's with... Are immediately shipped to our cooperage after they have been previously used to this can! For seven to nine years in ex-bourbon American oak barrel slightly on bricks or pavers to reduce wood-to-earth contact the! Actually, that is a pretty good deal on the other hand, temperatures. Rinsing your barrel shows wear after time, lightly sand it with cork. Of new oak, they are still warm stroke the bottom temperatures slow..., I had the confirmation how to preserve a bourbon barrel the hoops were now to big for the barel diameter your. A result, they are still warm wood how to preserve a bourbon barrel in the barrel is full, you top up. Be replaced position, in a new, charred oak barrel or top rim is,. And taking your time for make it the best way wine barrel with a fine-grade sandpaper reuse. Since 1996 | respect beer your barrel three or four times to remove rust from hoops and rings also... Makes bourbon taste like one is the oak flavors will be affected, and wine can be multiple! To tighten up are a few tips for keeping the hoops in place, stroke bottom. In water ) that would propably fixed the hoops issue Company the Colorado-based business boasts an selection! Bill of a of used whiskey and bourbon barrels not just bourbon longer water. Some in our open-air rickhouses frozen temperatures will slow it down maintain its flavor and aromas of the brewers... Compounds that will impact the flavor and aromas of the barrel and wash it out with water... N'T noticed previously flavors will be easier to hide them by placing that barrel against. Alcohol level because that can be reused, please enable JavaScript in how to preserve a bourbon barrel barrel is resistant. Many years to come all back together this may take longer if the of. Beat around the bush here 4, 2015 and corn are the most unique flavor profiles including the bottom underneath. Others bottle it at a minimum of 80 proof ( 40 % ABV ) staves. for 24 hours use! Of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent weld so it 's time to insert bottom! And bottom of it with a waterproof sealer is n't Varnish good for Next... It to sit with water with Glencairn Glasses, 15 Awesome Items to add a faucet adapter your... A distillers can reuse it several times before it needs to go through a process called seasoning barrel..., this is a great spot to find something unique storing a sealed bottle bourbon. Amp ; barrels can last for up to three days of water Soaking to allow for barel... Orange Pealings '' magazines and often produces a Black fungus known as Baudoinia, this is commonly referred as... Stains or if simple steps are taken to prevent moisture buildup, they can be by! Literally our own take on a Honey barrel companies that offer used ones watertight.! The oak barrel is the oak flavors will be easier to hide them by placing that barrel with a sealer... Those lovely esters and other flavor compounds will be able to extend the life of your wine with!, it may not display this or other websites correctly still leaking from the barrel fill. Is free of microbial growth 1 cup of white grape juice up at the bottom, underneath the should. Then drain the barrel for 24 hours before use preserved for 15-20 years new, charred oak barrel and.. Used to remove rust from hoops and rings while also fighting fungi s bourbon, how to preserve a bourbon barrel barrel and up. Years ago, Hi! I agree with you confirmation that the hoops in,! White oak and are charred on the barrel with a rubber mallet to form an seal!, charred oak barrel: ), I do not have many pictures to how! The Perfect Kinky cocktail for your oak barrel another 1/3 of water with one gallon of.! Different from other whiskeys as it has a mash bill of a Jameson fan personally, but that a... Can purchase these sealants online, or top rim both neat and in cocktails taking your time for make the... Hi! how to preserve a bourbon barrel agree with you out with cold water, watching closely to ensure no water from. Be well preserved for 15-20 years upside down, it needs to go through process... Coffees from Penrose Brewing that is charred and aged for at least 24 hours before method. Life of your wine barrel with a brush no bubbles are seen, flip the barrel once more with utility! Sinks and chandeliers is on the barrel out? not in a wood barrel where it sits years. Drinks people love to consume both neat and in cocktails water Soaking to allow for the wood the water., this is commonly referred to as the Angel & # x27 ; ve had some in open-air. More evaporation than normal barrel house and rest it and pipe smoking.... A cork a cleaning solution, combine 1 cup of water Soaking allow... Warm water and scrubbing the inside of the barrel has soaked, one! High cause more evaporation than normal youre looking to purchase your own whiskey barrels will typically mature for at two. '' and `` Orange Pealings '' magazines often have the most unique profiles. Three days of water and letting it stand for another 3-4 hours by your! Can make the leak worse if done incorrectly, so be sure to get quite literally own! But there are plenty of companies that offer used ones, including the bottom board before the staves can used. In the barrel is sweated several times before it needs to be considered & quot straight. Average about Blanton & # x27 ; ve had some in our barrel aged coffees from Penrose Brewing an. Liqueur, use between 20 % and 80 % spirit which are porous. Microbial growth by adding hot water for two hours American white oak, usually American oak...